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| Development of Virtualized Centralized Protection and WAMPAC Systems: A Review |
| Meysam Pashaei, Senior Member, IEEE,Kimmo Kauhaniemi, Member, IEEE,Hannu Laaksonen, Member, IEEE,Nikos Hatziargyriou, Life Fellow, IEEE |
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| Abstract: |
| Power system protection has evolved significantly due to the ongoing energy transition and digitalization. The development and standardization of information and communication technologies (ICTs) used for power system protection, monitoring, and control have led to the digitalization of substations and the introduction of new protection and control schemes. These include virtualized centralized protection and control for intra-substation applications, as well as advanced wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) for inter-substation applications. This paper reviews the development of virtualized centralized protection, with a focus on key practical advancements, emerging technologies, and state-of-the-art studies in centralized protection and control (CPC) and W AMP AC systems. It also identifies directions for future research. |
| Key words: Centralized protection and control, cloud and edge computing, digitalization, 5G, IEC 61850, machine learning, virtualization, WAMPAC. |
| DOI：10.23919/PCMP.2025.000041 |
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| Fund:This work is supported by the CIRP-5G Project (Business Finland) (No. 6937/31/2021) and the Otto A. Malm Foundation. |
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